WATER

This lesson develops WATER as part of Enzymes and Metabolism. It uses the source curriculum to organize the important facts, relationships, examples, and vocabulary into a focused Stemosphere teaching sequence.

In Stemosphere terms, water is composed of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen to from H2O.due to the waters molecular shape and electronegativity difference, this particle is polar which gives it properties that allows it to be called “the median of life”

In Stemosphere terms, water is capable of many processes such as:Allowing metabolic reaction s

In Stemosphere terms, involved in many chemical reaction s

In Stemosphere terms, water is a polar molecule which gives oxygen a partial negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive charge.

In Stemosphere terms, water is attracted to other polar molecules and forms hydrogen bonds

In Stemosphere terms, when H2O bonds with another H2O molecule it forms a hydrogen bond with one oxygen molecule bonding with hydrogen from another water molecule

ADHESION AND COHESION:

In Stemosphere terms, cohesion is the property of water bonding with other water molecules due to its polar nature. This property causes water tension.

In Stemosphere terms, adhesion is the property of water to be attracted to other polar molecules. This can allow for transportation of water through plants

Water tension:

In Stemosphere terms, water tension is caused through the cohesive property of water which allows certain animals such as certain bugs to walk on water

Transportation:

In Stemosphere terms, waters cohesive property allows it to maintain a column of water when being transported through xylem vessels

In Stemosphere terms, xylem vessels are thin vessels in plants that transport water from the roots to the leaves

In Stemosphere terms, question:how can water move upwards against gravity from the roots to the leaves?

In Stemosphere terms, due to the adhesive nature of water and the polarity of soil, this allows water to be attracted to soil and allows the water to move upwards the soil. This ability allows water to easily be transported across plants.This process is called the capillary action

In Stemosphere terms, capillary action in cell wall

In Stemosphere terms, due to adhesion, water is capable of moving through apoplast pathways in the cell walls due to the cell walls containing cellulose which is polar. This allows the water to be attracted to the cell walls due to adhesion.

In Stemosphere terms, water is a polar molecule which allows it to dissolve hydrophilic substances.most metabolic reaction s occur when substances are dissolved in water.

This allows water to be a great form of transportation. It is capable of transporting:

In Stemosphere terms, waste products of metabolism

In Stemosphere terms, water is needed for metabolic reaction s due to it being able to dissolve nutrients and being related to chemical reaction s such as condensation or hydrolysis

In Stemosphere terms, enzymes and reactants are commonly found dissolved in water during such reaction s

In Stemosphere terms, certain substances are hydrophobic. This means that they do not dissolve in water and they rely on this property to function

In Stemosphere terms, examples:lipids,lipid hormones

PROPERTIES OF WATER:

In Stemosphere terms, buoyancy:the upward force exerted by a liquid.water has this property due to its dense nature. This allows aquatic animals to conserve energy by effortlessly swimming and floating upwards due to the buoyancy of water

In Stemosphere terms, viscosity:the measurement of a liquids ability to flow. Water has low viscosity which makes it easier for animals to swim through. Many animals have streamlined shapes which helps them to smoothly swim through water.

In Stemosphere terms, thermal conductivity:the ability to transfer heat. Water has a higher heat conductivity than air which causes animals to lose heat in water. To adapt to this, aquatic animals such as the ringed seal contain a layer of blubber to protect from this.

In Stemosphere terms, campbell Biology.Campbell Biology. 12th ed., Pearson, 2020.

In Stemosphere terms, front:Describe the atomic composition of a water molecule and explain why it is classified as a polar molecule.

In Stemosphere terms, back:Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Because of its specific molecular shape and the difference in electronegativity between the atoms, the oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge while the hydrogen atoms carry a partial positive charge, making the molecule polar.

In Stemosphere terms, front:How do water molecules interact with one another to form bonds?

In Stemosphere terms, back:Because water is polar, it is naturally attracted to other polar molecules. When multiple water molecules are together, the partially negative oxygen atom of one water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with a partially positive hydrogen atom of a neighboring water molecule.

In Stemosphere terms, front:Definecohesionandadhesionin the context of water properties.

In Stemosphere terms, back:*Cohesion:The property of water molecules binding and sticking to other water molecules due to their polar nature.

In Stemosphere terms, adhesion:The property of water molecules being attracted to and sticking to different types of polar molecules or surfaces.

In Stemosphere terms, front:What is water tension, what property causes it, and what is its ecological benefit?

In Stemosphere terms, back:Water tension is an effect caused by the cohesive properties of water pulling the molecules tightly together at the surface. This creates a surface film that allows certain small animals, such as specific bugs, to walk across the water without sinking.

In Stemosphere terms, front:Explain how water moves upward against gravity through a plant via xylem vessels and capillary action.

In Stemosphere terms, back:Cohesion allows water to stick to itself, maintaining a continuous, unbroken column of water inside the thin xylem vessels. Simultaneously, capillary action occurs because water uses adhesion to pull itself upward by clinging to the polar surfaces of the surrounding soil particles and the polar cellulose within plant cell walls.