MutationsandGene Editing Notes

This lesson develops Mutationsand Gene Editing Notes as part of Enzymes and Metabolism. It uses the source curriculum to organize the important facts, relationships, examples, and vocabulary into a focused Stemosphere teaching sequence.

In Stemosphere terms, mutationsand Gene Editing Notes

In Stemosphere terms, mutations are changes in the DNA (or RNA in some viruses) base sequence, and they form the foundation of genetic variation. (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, occurs at the molecular level in genes (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, can affect structure and function of proteins (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, gene mutations involve changes to the sequence of nucleotides within a gene.

In Stemosphere terms, all are point mutations (affect small region) (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, base Substitution Consequences

In Stemosphere terms, a base substitution affects a single codon and may or may not change the final protein. (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, may be silent (same amino acid due to degeneracy) (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

In Stemosphere terms, sNPs are common variations caused by single base changes in DNA. (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, one nucleotide change in DNA sequence (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, can produce a different amino acid (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, creates new alleles in population (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, leads to polymorphism (different phenotypes) (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, insertions and deletions often have major effects because they disrupt the reading frame. (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, change multiple codons (not just one) (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, shift group ing of bases into codons (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, usually produce very different proteins (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, frameshift mutations occur when insertions/deletions are not in multiples of three, altering all downstream codons. (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, changes entire reading frame (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, all codons after mutation are altered (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, usually produces nonfunctional proteins (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, mutations can occur naturally or be triggered by external factors called mutagens. (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, errors during DNA replication (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, errors during DNA repair (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, mutagens cause permanent DNA changes (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, radiation (UV, X-rays, gamma rays) (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, chemicals (e.g. tobacco smoke, alkylating agents) (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, mutations do not occur because an organism "needs" them; they are random events. (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, can occur anywhere in genome (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, some bases mutate more often (e.g. cytosine) (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, no natural mechanism targets specific beneficial mutations (Biology for Life)

In Stemosphere terms, consequences of Mutations

In Stemosphere terms, mutations can have different effects depending on location and type. (Save My Exams)

In Stemosphere terms, germ Cells vs Somatic Cells

Germ cells (gametes):

Somatic cells:

Applications: